Juan Rulfo, el Breve. |
Prestando atención a las últimas publicaciones en mi página de inicio de Facebook, me topé con este interesante artículo de The Economist: "Short Stories, entrevista al escritor David Means", que gira en torno al valor de los Relatos Breves y cómo se germinan. Me encantó leerla porque Means es un gran conversador; hasta estar en desacuerdo con él resulta gratificante. Además, tiene ideas muy interesantes sobre lo excesivamente prolongadas que resultan algunas novelas, sobre porqué al escribir prefiere usar al narrador que incluir más diálogos, y especialmente sobre cómo el punta de vista de los marginados resulta ser un punto de vista privilegiado para analizar la sociedad.
Pueden encontrar la versión original del artículo aquí. Como promesa que no cumpliré dejo la buena intención de traducirla en el futuro. Felices Fiestas.A COLLECTION of short stories is sometimes considered a little indulgence, something to keep the ideas flowing between novels. For David Means, the short story is a sacred entity."The Spot", his fourth collection to date, delves deep into the epicentre of what he calls "the real America". Following in the tradition of great short-story writers, such as Flannery O’Connor and Raymond Carver, Mr Means’s realist, dead-pan prose cuts through the American heartland. Trudging through what the narrator in "The Spot" describes as “one shitting crop town to the next”, he brings us into contact with the disenfranchised and the disillusioned. His characters sit in the margins, hapless bystanders in what is still, at least for the time being, the richest country in the world."The Spot", which came out earlier this year, has duly been included in quite a few best-of-2010 lists. It is certainly a slim volume worthy of more attention. Mr Means talks to More Intelligent Life about his preference for short stories over novels, his friendship with Jonathan Franzen and why he is drawn to writing about hobos.
Why have you chosen to stick with writing short stories? Why not branch out into writing novels?The short story is kind of a precision tool. It allows me a certain type of freedom to go in and out of the American landscape, without having to commit myself to a full-length novel. I find a lot of novels out there very boring. The culture of the novel is that publishers just simply want another novel a lot of the time.
You tend to write about the grittier sides of America. Why?You know I just go wherever I can find stories. But I am interested in people in society who are living at the edge, the very margins of America, and I’m definitely interested in people living in extreme situations.
Much of the characters of your stories are people living in extreme poverty. Have you experienced poverty personally? Is that why you write about it in such detail?Well, I’ve had personal experiences that I’m really unwilling to talk about that have put me close to a number of people that were on the edge. I think everyone has had a family member who is close to the edge, or in danger of becoming a hobo, at least in America anyway... It's not that big a leap to take, especially if you consider the economic situation that we have right now in the United States, to go from having a nice big house, two cars in the garage, to suddenly walking around the hinterland, turning into a hobo, looking for some way to survive.
Why are you so attracted to making tramps and hobos fictional characters?Through character, you want to pry open reality. The places I find it easy to really reveal that basic thing it is to be human is in them hobo-type characters. I think Beckett is a perfect example of a writer who did this. I don’t think Beckett just wanted to write about tramps, I think he found he could use it as a technique to get very deep into the human predicament.
You stay away from writing about the middle classes. Any reason for this?I find the middle classes kind of boring. The middle class has kind of been beaten like a dead horse by fictional writers. Its old news and literature is supposed to bring new news, and for me I feel I have to go as far out as I can to try and tell the kind of stories I want to tell.
In two of the stories in your latest collection, "The Spot", you write about a failed relationship between a man and his mother. Were you trying to make some sort of larger point about the failures of modern man?I think I’m interested in writing about a man who has been emasculated, who doesn’t have any place in society. On the other side of the coin, I think I simply wanted take a risk and write about a man who doesn’t love his mother. I think the mother-love thing seems like a cliché and too simplistic. The mother is also like a metaphor for the country, as in the mother-land, the mother-country and the betrayal that these characters feel from the motherland.
Your stories tend to avoid dialogue and favour a narrator who conveys a story. Why do you prefer this form of storytelling?These stories in "The Spot" are more concerned about the way we tell stories, and the way we use stories to survive. I think it also has a lot with the content of the stories; the characters are just trying to understand their own stories. It's not that I don’t want to write a lot of dialogue, it’s just that I try and respect the demand of the story itself. I think all good short stories are about what it means to tell a good story.
There is a constant tension of good versus evil throughout this collection. Are you trying to make some sort of moral point?I take these religious references seriously. You know somebody said Dostoevsky was one of the nastiest Christians in the world. That’s kind of the way I feel. I think you can go way to the edge of things and still sort of have a religious point of view.
You and Jonathan Franzen are good friends. How important is that relationship in terms of your writing?Jonathan is like a big brother to me. He’s like that big brother who knows everything, who tells you what kind of music to listen to and argues about everything. We’re both very different personalities, but we both have this extreme dedication to writing at a certain level and we push each other. He reads my work and gives me feedback. There is an incredible persistence with Jonathan. If I give him something to read I know I’m going to get an honest, clear response. I also give him the same kind of feedback on his work when I can. It’s a really valuable friendship and it’s rare that you find a writer that you can be friends with at the level we are friends.
Were you surprised at the hype his latest novel, "Freedom", received when it was published?
With "The Corrections" I told him it was going to be a really big book, and I got to sit back and watch the hysteria take place. With "Freedom", I knew it was going to be big, but I didn’t think it was going to be the giant tidal wave it has become. I think the hype is out of control. It’s not about the book, it’s about something else; it’s about this desire for someone to come along and stamp authority on the literary world. I mean someone stole his glasses and then it makes international news. It's something besides literature.
Your stories often have a bleak outcome. Would you describe your outlook as negative?No, I think I’m quite hopeful. I don’t think you could write fiction or create art unless you are sort of a positive person. I actually defend my work; I find it kind of funny and absurd. As an American I’m just looking at reality, and if you’re looking at reality right now in America you’re going to get some pretty horrific stories. I mean the real America, not the corporate bullshit America.
Your fiction seems timeless. It doesn’t have many references to modern-day events or popular culture. Is this done for any particular reason?Yeah, I’m not really interested in writing about what’s happening here right now today. I guess myself and Jonathan Franzen are quite different in that way. I think a good story is kind of outside of contemporary culture, like, when you sit in a bar and tell a story. We don’t really want to hear about how the culture is like, we want to hear what happened to the person. It’s kind of like the Stone Age, you’re carving your story out in one of those caves or something, that’s the way I think of it.
How long does it take you to write a short story?I usually have a couple of stories on the go at one time, but it can take six months to a year to complete one story. With this latest collection it took me five years to get all the stories together. I think the short-story collection is a bit like the way the record used to be: a sense of coherence, a sense of direction or place where the artist is trying to get to over time.
What kind of reader do you have in mind when you write a short story?I hope for a good reader, somebody who will hold it, go back take a look at it again and really think about what I’m trying to convey, not just somebody who will simply read the story. The great thing about the short story is that you can really go back and reread it with a sense of knowing what’s going on. So the reader I have in mind is someone who is willing to read poetically, someone who will fell the story emotionally and connect with it.